French Explorers and Indians

French Huguenots in Florida depicts the June 27, 1564, meeting of French colonists and American Indians. On that date, René Goulaine de Laudonniére, a French Huguenot seeking refuge from persecution in France, landed in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. Upon his arrival, he met Athore, son of chief Saturiwa of the Timucuan American Indian tribe. Their meeting took place at Ribault's Pillar, a stone monument erected by Laudonniére's predecessor, Jean Ribault, two years earlier.

The mural features Laudonniére and Athore embracing at the right, while two Huguenots hold Laudonniére's horse and a Timucuan woman kneels nearby. To the left, Timucuan men and women display fresh produce and wild game, symbols of the land's bounty, as well as beautiful shells, furs, bows, and arrows. The man painted blue who reclines in the foreground and the man painted green who decorates the pillar with garlands are medicine men, their skin ceremonially tinted with colored clay.

In the years since this mural's debut, viewers have noted several problems with its portrayal of the Timucuan figures. First, their apparently subservient positions in relation to the French figures; second, the partial nudity of the women; and finally, their clothing and adornments, which mix those of various American Indian tribes. The origins of the mural's historical inaccuracies are explored below.

Upon their arrival in the New World, in what is today Florida, the French Huguenots established friendly relations with the Timucuan people. In September 1565, the Spanish took over the region. Soon, European diseases decimated many Timucuans. By 1700, the Timucuan population had been reduced to a mere 1,000; by 1763 there were perhaps 125 Timucuans remaining; and by 1938, when Free painted this mural, the Timucuans were considered an extinct tribe. Therefore, Free had no contemporary documentation of the appearance of Timucuan men and women. He did, however, draw very closely on two historical sources.

First, Free based his composition on a 1591 engraving by Theodorus de Bry of a sketch by Jacques Le Moyne, a French artist who was present at the 1564 meeting between Laudonniére and Athore. In the sixteenth century, European artists tended to depict American Indians as dignified and friendly, even subservient, in order to encourage continued exploration of the American continent. Second, Free based the clothing of his Timucuan figures on a set of 1585–86 watercolors by John White that depict the Algonquin people of present-day North Carolina. Both of these sets of images offered rare source material to Free, but neither allowed him to represent the scene with complete accuracy. While history paintings often draw on visual precedents, Free's murals do so more directly than most. His act of reinterpreting and combining imagery by de Bry, Le Moyne, and White results in a picture that blends his cultural perceptions of the 1930s with the sixteenth-century source material.